Intro to Finance Essay

A proficient money related framework advances middle people that effectively connect â€Å"savers† from â€Å"borrowers† (Mankiw). There are two broadly known budgetary middle people specifically the banks and common assets. Banks are profoundly open to the overall population are commonly more cost beneficial that immediate loaning. By and large, the banks fundamental reason in the economy is to take in stores from savers and â€Å"use these stores to make advances to individuals who need to borrow† (Mankiw, N. Gregory, 2001, Principles of Economics, p. 557). Banks bring about expenses by paying enthusiasm on these stores and acquire from these by charging higher financing costs on credit borrowers. Second to this, banks assume a significant job in the economy as they â€Å"facilitate the acquisition of merchandise and enterprises by permitting individuals to compose checks against their deposits† (Mankiw, N. Gregory, 2001, Principles of Economics, p. 557). Thusly, the economy profits by banks by this open vehicle of trade. Not at all like stocks or bonds which are not as quick, checks make it simpler for general society to practice their money related exchanges. Common assets, then again, are organizations that utilization the returns of selling partakes in purchasing arrangement of stocks and bonds where they infer their benefits. The money related markets become progressively available and productive on the grounds that shared assets permit individuals with little reserve funds to become proprietors and lenders of various organizations. Additionally, common assets permit its investors the advantage of hazard enhancement wherein a solitary reserve can convey a program of various portfolios in stocks and bonds. A specialist can either be an individual or a corporate element that procures a charge based benefit by performing purchase and sell orders from financial specialists as well as customers. A genuine case of this is a business firm that has practical experience in exchanging organization stocks and protections. A broker’s primary capacities in the budgetary market would incorporate essential execution of purchasing and selling shares, and money related warning to customers in regards to the administration of their offers/stocks. With the rise of robotization and well known online financier firms, conventional merchants have re-imagined their place in the business. Most well known online business firms, for example, Ameritrade and E*Trade offer lower charges to financial specialists instead of customary dealers. Money related and Investment Advisory are likewise computerized online by means of creative venture programming instruments. With data turning out to be progressively available on account of the web, customary merchants are presently changing into online agents wherein online requests are still steered to and observed by them; and with diminished customer interface for warnings.

How to Write the College Application Essay PDF

How to Write the College Application Essay PDFIf you are like many other students out there, you have struggled with the writing the college application essay PDF. There are so many factors that go into a good essay. Not all of them are technical, but you need to have some sort of technical knowledge if you want to write it well.Your first step is to get comfortable with your topic. Once you have enough knowledge about it, you can begin writing a good college application essay PDF. There are also many websites online that will give you tips and ideas on how to begin writing a good college application essay PDF.You should know that when you begin a college application essay, you do not have to worry about what to write about. You have unlimited options when it comes to the topic. The topics that you will be told to write about are very general topics that apply to everyone. However, they do not refer to any one specific trait. For example, when it comes to college application essays, topics such as hobbies, community involvement, and academic performance are great topics to use.This is why it is very important that you keep writing a college application essay PDF with care. Not all of the topics you will be asked to write about are appropriate for each level of college you may be applying to. Some of the topics that you will be asked to write about will be around religion, race, sex, and more. In order to find what will work best for you, you will need to know what this is going to entail.You should ask yourself this question: What type of paper am I trying to create? Based on your answers, you can then tell which type of topic you should write about. However, once you are able to know what to write about, it is time to find a format that will make it easier for you to write the paper. There are a number of formats to choose from when you are learning how to write the college application essay PDF.Many students struggle with the process of writing the college ap plication essay PDF because they do not have a solid foundation of structure in place. It is also helpful to start writing a college application essay PDF with your parent's help. It will be easier for you to find your place and time when you are working with your parents.Before you begin writing the college application essay PDF, you will want to prepare your essay and complete the steps that will allow you to create the topic. It is always helpful to write out your essay first. This will help you know where you are going to place each paragraph. This will also allow you to get a feel for what the paper will look like.Learning how to write the college application essay PDF is something that everyone needs to know how to do if they are ever to write a truly high quality paper. It will take a lot of practice and patience to become comfortable with the process, but once you do, you will be able to stand out from the crowd. This is the main reason why many people want to write their ow n essay, so that they can have the opportunity to shine. This is the way to put you at the top of the class!

The Code Of Hammurabi History Essay

The Code Of Hammurabi History Essay Right around 4,000 years back, King Hammurabi managed the realm of Babylon, a piece of Mesopotamia. He gave the world probably the most seasoned arrangement of laws. Archeologists found the Code (assortment of laws) of Hammuraabi cut on a dark stone section. Tit for tat was the standard of the day. Individuals who hurt others could anticipate a similar destiny or more regrettable. The code likewise managed business and human progress issues. A case of Hammurabis code: If a developer manufactures a house for somebody and doesn't build it appropriately, and the house which he fabricated falls in and slaughters its proprietor, at that point that manufacturer will be executed. The assortment of rules was aggregated close to the finish of the forty-multi year rule of Hammurabi (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.), 6th leader of the First Dynasty of Babylon, the ruler who coordinated the extraordinary political extension of the realm and sorted out an intricate and modern government and military organization to regulate it. He crushed amazing adversary realms and broadened his political and conciliatory impact all through the antiquated Near East. The code of Hammurabi is the longest and best sorted out of the law assortments from Mesopotamia. It draws on the customs of prior law assortments and without a doubt impacted those that came later. The creation comprises of a protracted preamble, somewhere in the range of 275 and 300 law arrangements, and an epilog. The preamble focuses on the divine beings arrangement of Hammurabi as leader of his kin, his job as gatekeeper and defender of the frail and feeble, and his consideration and thoughtfulness regarding the cultic needs of the supporter gods of the numerous urban areas consolidated into his domain. The laws of this sythesis, engraved on forcing dark stone stelas, remain as proof of Hammurabis value to run the show. The mind boggling first arrangement of the Laws of Hammurabi (LH) include manslaughter and serve to build up promptly the states option to force capital punishment regarding a matter: LH 1 If a man denounces another man and accuses him of murder yet at that point can't bring verification against him, his informer will be slaughtered. In defining LH 1 thusly, various snippets of data about the legitimate framework are uncovered: that a private individual (and not really just an official body or official) may bring charges against someone else; that such charges must be validated here and there; and that a bogus informer languishes the punishment he looked for over his planned casualty. The epilog accentuates the ruler as military pioneer who carries harmony to his subjects. It expressly expresses that these laws were recorded on a stela and openly showed so as to vouch for Hammurabis exemplary and simply rule, to carry comfort to anybody looking for equity, and to fill in for instance for future rulers. It looks for endowments for Hammurabi from his replacements and the recipients of his inheritance; it favors them on the off chance that they treat his Stella and laws with deference; and it cuts down the horrible condemnations of the extraordinary divine beings against any who might damage the way Hammurabi opened or who might ravage or spoil his landmark. The LH is known from various compositions, replicated and recopied throughout the hundreds of years in the scribal focuses of Mesopotamia. The most complete and acclaimed model is the dark stone stela, presently housed in the Musee du Louver, Paris, exhumed in 1901-1902 by archeological groups working in the antiquated Elamite capital Susa. The stela, one of a few that were raised in Babylonian urban communities, was taken as goods to Susa in the twelfth century B.C.E. by the Elamite ruler Shutruk-Nahhunte I, most likely from Sippar, from which he likewise pillaged landmarks of other Mesopotamian rulers. The Louver stela, which shapes the premise of each release of the Laws, is a mainstay of diorite just about seven and a half feet tall. On the top, covering very nearly 33% of the stela, is a monumental scene of the sun-god Shamash, divine force of equity, situated on his honored position, and remaining before him the ruler Hammurabi. The exact translation of this scene-that the god is directing the laws to the ruler, or that the lord is offering the laws to the god, or that the ruler is tolerating the bar and ring that are the tokens of sanctuary building and power is discussed, however the iconographic message it imparted to even the ignorant probably been clear: King Hammurabi and the divine force of equity Shamash together ensure the individuals of Babylonia. The genuinely forcing Louver stela, as other great engravings of now is the right time, is recorded in an ancient ductus and toward the path utilized before, before the content was turned ninety degrees counterclockwise; the visual effect of the content and the direction, alongside the archaizing, abstract language utilized in the preface and epilog that outline the assortment of rules, amplify the authority of the organization. The segments of the content recorded on the stela are written in groups over the front and afterward the rear of the boundary, starting quickly underneath the honored position of the god Shamash; the preface and epilog each possess around five segments, and the arrangement of lawful arrangements involves around forty-one segments. The progressions during Old Babylonian period included farming and scenes, significant old Babylonian records, financial patterns, nearby notables and authorities and furthermore prominent ladies. The Tigris and Euphrates kept on being, the most effectively molding powers in progressing, relentless procedures of scene development and change. During pre-summer, floods, course separations were normal through breaks in the stream banks. Waterway development, regardless of whether for water system or for vessel and flatboat mass vehicle, has consistently been a critical contributing element. Moving by and large example of canalized water withdrawals likewise add to second-arrange insecurities far downstream of specific occurrences of human mediation. Maps delineating current, despite everything developing understandings of Tigris-Euphrates courses for the upper alluvium in Ur III Old Babylonian occasions can be found for the northern alluvium. At around the finish of Ur III, there is acc eptable proof of significant westbound developments of some Euphrates courses, and furthermore of evidently considerable decreases in the antiquated Idigna part of the Tigris. The expansion of a significant part of the whole field of interchanges from state-controlled circles to more extensive, increasingly heterogeneous, informal and private ones presents the issue of office. The office most likely does likewise actuates a less barely engaged enthusiasm for the results of routinized administration and opens the best approach to seek after old life-narratives and to delineate collaborations deliberately. A few significant financial highlights portray the Old Babylonian time frame. The first and generally unpropitious, mostly in the northern alluvium, was the beginning of a developing impoverishment of everybody of agriculturalists. Land was from the outset broadly available to be purchased there, however as variations grew a layer of generally well off leasers showed up. As property turned out to be significantly progressively amassed in the hands of huge associations all through Babylonia, and as royal residence and sanctuary interconnections with these private bodies were powerfully bolstered by the king,the patterns appear to have combined. Van de Mieroop is definitely option to alert us that a steady cooperation among rustic and urban populaces more likely than not existed, and a threat between the two ought not be accepted A casual and unattested, just as a conventional progression of products and demonstrations of correspondence was essential to both. In the interim, the comfort and adaptability of exchanges directed in silver prompted a wilting of regal enthusiasm for dynamic financial mediation. The castle not, at this point commonly acknowledged installments in kind. A board of seniors (Ã…  ¡Ã£ Ã¢â€š ¬botum) and famous arrays (alum, karum, puIrum) got sufficiently able to have endure later significantly under Hammurabis oppressive control as network organs of self-government that coincided with the state. Judges (who acted not independently yet all in all) had an impact, as once in a while did imperial agents with consensual dicisions on harmony and war. While men were the most dynamic in business, a few ladies worked together with their spouses in land, slave and appropriation exchanges, and in mutually getting credits. Widows kept up some control of joint property after their spouses passing, and children were obliged to help them during their lifetime.

The Article Wild Mushrooms On The Winter - 855 Words

Tamales In the article â€Å"Wild mushrooms in the winter,† tells a story about food and how the process of cooking makes her remember some people that are not alive. She makes the point that flavors and smells are not just that, flavors sometimes have tehe ability to transport you to memories. My own experience with flavors, odor, and taste yields a point that is similar. What I take away from my own experience with food is that even the smell of a certain food can transport you to the most significant occasion. As a result, I found that certain foods have the power to transport to a special moment, some of them even make me feel the sensation of nostalgia. Food is most of the times cataloged as a simple object that reliefs the emptiness of our stomach. And it is, but it ´s not only that, food is the biggest pleasure humans have. Food has the power to transport to moments in the past, the most special ones. In my case, tamales are my favorite; I could eat them in any season of the year, but they would not taste the same. In my family, it is a tradition to prepare them the day before â€Å"noche buena,† which in Mexico is celebrated the 24 of December. I prepare them with my mom, sisters, and sometimes some of my aunts. The process to prepare them is easy, the hard part is to get all the ingredients in that season of the year. Just as hard as it is to get my sisters and me together for Christmas. The most essential and original thing about tamales are the corn leaves.Show MoreRelatedProspects of Mushroom Farming at Savar Upazila in Dhaka5745 Words   |  23 PagesAssignment on PROSPECTS OF MUSHROOM FARMING AT SAVAR UPAZILA IN DHAKA A term paper submitted in fulfillment of the requirements in the course of Bangladesh Studies Submitted by Mir Arman, 0822BBA00938 Md. Rakebul Hasan, 0822BBA00904 Mostafizar Rahman, 0822BBA00946 Md. 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I have chosen this TOPIC because this is the basic ingredients from where many warm dish start, so I think it is good start. So, I want to learn more about onion. it is presumed that our ancestors discovered and started eating wild onions very early long before farming or even before writting was invented, so in my research I didn’t find exact time it comes in lime light, This humble vegetable was key food in the prehistoric diet. It is a most popular and versatile vegetablesRead MoreThe Epithet in the Novel Jane Eyre18849 Words   |  76 Pagesmeadows, white snow, round table, blue skies, pale complexion, lofty mountains, and the like, the adjectiv es ar more logical attribute than epithets. They indicate those qualities of the objects which may be regarded as generally recognized. But in wild wind, loud ocean, remorseless dash of billows, formidable waves, heart-burning smile, the adjectives do not point to inherent qualities of the object described. They are subjectively evaluative. 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King, Richard [eds.] (2002), Global Goes Local: Popular Culture in Asia, Vancouver Toronto: UBC Press. Donald, Stephanie Hemelryk Keane, Michael (2002), â€Å"Media in China: new convergences, new approaches† in:Read MoreComparative Study of Pakistan Chinese Cultures13385 Words   |  54 Pagessauce and yellow bean sauce. Spices and seasonings such as fresh root ginger, garlic, spring onion, white pepper, and sesame oil are and cloves are also used. To provide extra flavors to dishes, many Chinese cuisines also contain dried Chinese mushrooms, dried baby shrimps, dried tangerine peel, and dried Sichuan chillies as well. widely used in many regional cuisines. Sichuan peppercorns, star anise, cinnamon, fennel, Desserts meals or at the end of meals in Chinese cuisine. Bings are baked

The Emperors Club - 1586 Words

William Hundert (Kevin Kline) is a passionate and principled Classics professor who is enthusiastic about the start of the school year. His class turns out to be a strict yet inspiring lesson for the new students arriving at St. Benedicts Academy. It is here we are introduced to the party-minded Louis Masoudi (Jesse Eisenberg), the introverted Martin Blythe (Paul Dano), and the studious Deepak Mehta (Rishi Mehta), all of whom are incredibly intelligent. He inspires all of them to study hard in order to become one of the three contestants for The Emperors Club and be crowned Mr. Julius Caesar, a competition which pits the top three students of his class in a contest where they will be asked questions regarding the Classics. Blythe also†¦show more content†¦Benedicts, giving Hundert some insight into the younger Bells prior upbringing. Hundert returns to St. Benedicts and finds that Sedgewick Bell has received a phone call from his father, the Senator, who reprimanded him for wasting his time (but not for performing poorly in class). Hundert and Sedgewick begin to develop a close student-teacher relationship as Hundert tries to become a mentor-figure to Bell in order to help change him into a better man. Bell proves to be a bright student and eventually his grades improve enormously. Bell eventually finishes in the top three in Hunderts competition that precedes the Emperors Club contest, along with fellow classmates Masoudi and Mehta. Bell had actually earned his position at fourth place, until Hundert privately decided to raise his grade on the final essay after reviewing it again, thus moving him above Blythe. Hundert is caught between celebrating Bells newfound success and feeling guilty when he sees a dejected Blythe sitting all by himself under a tree. This is especially important as it is a break from Hunderts stance on integrity. The entire school watches the competition, as the three contestants are quizzed by Hundert. After many questions, the confident Masoudi is the first to make a mistake and he sits down. As the competition narrows down to Mehta and Bell, Hundert becomes increasingly suspicious of Bell raising his toga to his head to think. He then asks Bell a question not in the books: Who wasShow MoreRelatedThe Emperors Club1575 Words   |  7 PagesMasoudi (Jesse Eisenberg), the introverted Martin Blythe (Paul Dano), and the studious Deepak Mehta (Rishi Mehta), all of whom are incredibly intelligent. He inspires all of them to study hard in order to become one of the three contestants for The Emperors Club and be crowned Mr. Julius Caesar, a competition which pits the top three students of his class in a contest where they will be asked questions regarding the Classics. Blythe also mentions proudly that his father was once a Mr. Julius CaesarRead MoreEssay on The Emperors Club967 Words   |  4 Pa gesThe Emperor’s Club is a film that addresses many moral and social aspects that are central to contemporary society’s moral controversy. Can morals be properly instilled in a young person outside of religion? Can our future decisions be predicted based on our current character? Can our current character even be changed or molded? Can morals be learned through studying the classics? The Emperors Club’s main characters are Mr. Hundert a teacher of classics at a prestigious preparatory school, andRead MoreThe Emperors Club Reflection Paper1516 Words   |  7 Pagesas science would explain it, our brain does partial perception in an event giving us a sense of familiarity. A familiarity that felt like the event repeated. As the clichà © would say, â€Å"History repeats itself†. The first time I saw the film, The Emperor’s Club, I thought that this was just another movie telling its audience that history repeats itself. However, upon watching it closely the second time around, I realized that it wasn’t a history repeating kind but a dà ©jà   vu type. Dà ©jà   vu occurs whenRead More Comparing the Movies, Fight Club and Gladiator Essay748 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Movies, Fight Club and Gladiator People today enjoy the same things that people enjoyed during the Roman Empire. In the movie, Gladiator, Maximus fights in the Coliseum in front of all the people of Rome. In the movie Fight Club they have fights between different people in front of all the people of the club. This shows that people who lived 1000s of years before us where entertained by violence just like most of us are today. 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In fact, they could not believe that their emperor willingly reduced himself to the lowest human being on earth. The emperors gladiator career seemed like a joke to the citizen. And though he claimed to have killed 12,000 men in his numerous combatsRead MoreBanning Books Should Not Be Banned Books1558 Words   |  7 PagesThrough the strife of concerned parents, many organizations try to rebel and advocate for a younger audience to read these books. These operations choose to go against parents through having a yearly â€Å"Banned Books Week.† Reading books like; Fight Club, The Glass Castle, and believe it or not Harry Potter, is a way to advocate for banned books. There are two spectrums in this argument the people worried that books can corrupt minds and the people who read to learn and understand. It is importantRead MoreEmbracing Defeat, By John Dower 1418 Words   |  6 Pagessituation through the eyes of the Japanese, their experiences, responses, and dreams. 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He put center of gravity on his right leg, his left leg is slightly bend, making a pose called ContrappostoRead MoreEducation Is The Most Important Aspect Of Life2012 Words   |  9 Pagesperson born there are more opportunities to learn and educate others, always expanding on the vast definition of legacy itself. A few direct pieces from Ms. Frankenberg were quite efficacious in proving the importance of education to a legacy. The Emperor’s Club, an intriguing film about a boys private school, was perhaps the most literal definition of education and legacy of them all. Not only is the learning provided through the school curriculum, it also provides an education of the morals. However

In the Devils Snare Book Report - 1585 Words

Elliot, J.H., Imperial Spain: 1469-1716. London: Penguin Books, 1963. 423pgs. In Imperial Spain, J.H. Elliot examines the history of early modern Spain from the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella and Ferdinand, to the reformation of the Spanish government by the first member of the Bourbon dynasty. According to the author, at the start of the 15th century, Spain was internally weak, hopelessly divided and isolated from the continent by the Pyrenees. Yet, by 1492, Spanish society experienced a tremendous transformation which allowed Isabella and Ferdinand to unify the country, secure the largest transoceanic empire the world has ever known, and for a†¦show more content†¦Aragon, the author states, was mostly left out of the affairs of empire and it turned its attention to its Mediterranean possessions. While it is true that Ferdinand interfered little with Isabella s handling of Castilian affairs, Elliot asserts in Chapter Four (â€Å"The Imperial Destiny†) that certain key issues were handled jointly by the monarchs. This was evident in the concessions that they were able to extract from the Vatican. Patronato Real, or the right of presentation to all ecclesiastical benefices in the Kingdom of Granada was granted to the sovereigns of Spain by Pope Innocent VIII while the Reconquista was still ongoing. Eventually, the author goes on to say, this right would be extended to all Spanish domains. This gave the rulers of Spain almost complete control of the Catholic Church in their territories and in time, the clergy would become the most efficient of bureaucrats and administrators of the Spanish empire. Chapter Five is entitled â€Å"The Government and the Economy of the Reign of Charles V† and in it Elliot argues that after Ferdinand s death in 1516, his successor Charles I of Spain, V of the Holy Roman Empire, inherited a thriving, pacified, quasi-united kingdom that had access to the incredible wealth of the Americas. The problem, the author suggests, was that Charles and his successors did not fully understand the complexity of the Spanish system they inherited.Show MoreRelated Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pages My book report is on the book Harry Potter and the Sorcerers Stone by J.K. Rowling. The main character Harry Potter, discovers that he not an ordinary boy, he is in fact, a wizard. Harry soon discovers that he is famous, famous for the downfall of a corrupt wizard, Lord Voldemort. Harry finds out that he has been accepted into a school, Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, a school for young witches and wizards. While in school, he becomes friends with another wizard named RonaldRead MoreGambling a Bad Bet5057 Words   |  21 Pagesdecline in areas where the level of education is higher.3 Two Duke University economists, Charles T. Clotfelter and Philip J. Cook, painstakingly documented the long-held suspicions that the poor and uneducated are the lottery’s best customers. Their book, Selling Hope, describes how many states have designed clever, sophisticated advertising campaigns to especially target this most vulnerable market. The authors found that 10 percent of lottery players account for 50 percent of sales.4 All of this

Environmental Law Portfolio Exercise Three Case Study

Question: Describe about the Environmental Law Portfolio Exercise Three for Case Study. Answer: Facts of the Case Study On the west side of the site referred to in the case, there runs the river Churnet, which is characterized by rich biodiversity and rare species of water vole[1]. The facts of the case are: The environmental issue cropped up when the site was purchased by Gold Estates Limited with a desire to develop the site into wooden holiday lodges and for doing so, the company appointed employees to clear the garbage prevailing in the site area. The employees organized bonfires to burn the garbage that released noxious fumes into the atmosphere. The residents lodged a complaint with the Department of Local Authority. There was also a complaint of polluting the river. The company then started to pile the garbage and then a heavy rainfall occurred. It lead to flooding of the high drains and overspills from the site. Legal Issues involved in the given case The legal issues that are involved in the given case are as follows: whether the release of noxious fumes in the environment amounts to nuisance? whether the contamination of the river Churnet amounts water pollution? whether the flooding of high drains amounts to faulty waste matter management? Legal Principles to be applied to the Problems of the given Case The Environmental Protection Act of England, Scotland and Wales clearly stipulates that any smoke, dust, fumes or gases released from any business premises that is harmful or prejudicial to health are termed as the nuisance. The Act also makes it clear that nuisance includes unpleasant odors, smoke from bonfires dust and grit. The Clean Air Act of 1993 clearly prohibits the emission of noxious fumes by bonfires. The primary offences related to water pollution in England are contained in the Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010 under the points referred to in regulations 38(1) and 12(1). The things that amount to water pollution are as follows: Discharge of poisonous polluting matter or noxious things or solid waste matter into freshwater in the inlands, territorial waters which are relevant and the coastal waters. The legislation has not defined the terms noxious, poisonous or polluting. These words are used in their normal meaning[2]. Discharge of sewage effluent into freshwater in the inlands, relevant territorial waters and the coastal waters. Cutting or uprooting substantial amounts of vegetation in any inland freshwaters, without taking reasonable steps to remove it[3]. Therefore, from the above definition it can be stated that the acts of the Company referred to in the case law, can be termed as water pollution. Application of the Legal Principle and Advice to Mr. James The Local Authority has the power to abate the nuisance and recover costs from Gold Estates Limited. For the offence of creating the nuisance, the local authority can prosecute Mr. James. The advice that could be given to Mr. James is that he must prepare proper planning systems to abate the problem of air pollution[4]. In this case, Mr. James may either be convicted by the Magistrate Court or by the Crown Court. If James is convicted by the Magistrates Court, then he may be fined up to 50000 pounds or subject to an imprisonment sentence for twelve years. If James is tried in Crown Court, then he could receive unlimited fine or imprisonment of five years. The defense available to Mr. James is that he can use the plea that he took reasonable steps to minimize the pollution of the river[5]. It is also advisable to Mr. James that he should aid in indulging proper waste management techniques in his company. If he have adopted the proper techniques of waste management, then the flooding of the high drains would not have occurred. He must make an effort to study the latest waste management programs and apply them in his company affairs. Conclusion The Environmental Protection in the United Kingdom indulged in partnership with the Air Quality Management Institute and have revealed a guidance instrument relating to the procedures of land use and its control and development. This guidance also produced an instrument known as planning for air quality, which made a replacement of the 2010 EPUK Guidance instrument, for ensuring that the quality of air is considered adequately in the planning and development control of land-use processes[6]. The guidance referred above, states the importance of maintaining quality of air. It also discusses the importance of spatial planning in the reduction of air pollution. It also mentions the measures to reduce the air pollutants. The Managing Director of the Mr. James must conform to these instruments to reduce the effects of pollution. Bibliography Borchers U, Gray J and Thompson K,Water Contamination Emergencies(Royal Society of Chemistry 2013) Kiss A and Shelton D,International Environmental Law(Transnational Publishers 1991) Menell P,Environmental Law(Ashgate/Dartmouth 2002) Pevato P,International Environmental Law(Ashgate/Dartmouth 2003) Woolley G, Goumans J and Wainwright P,Waste Materials In Construction(Elsevier 2000) Zahar A, Peel J and Godden L,Australian Climate Law In Global Context(Port Melbourne, Vic 2012) [1] Kiss A and Shelton D,International Environmental Law(Transnational Publishers 1991) [2] Pevato P,International Environmental Law(Ashgate/Dartmouth 2003) [3] Woolley G, Goumans J and Wainwright P,Waste Materials In Construction(Elsevier 2000) [4] Menell P,Environmental Law(Ashgate/Dartmouth 2002) [5] Borchers U, Gray J and Thompson K,Water Contamination Emergencies(Royal Society of Chemistry 2013) [6] Zahar A, Peel J and Godden L,Australian Climate Law In Global Context(Port Melbourne, Vic 2012)

Girls Just Wanna Have Fun Essay Sample free essay sample

We all have minutes in our lives that we are non excessively proud of. Looking back on my ain life there are a few minutes that were abashing. but I would non alter them for the universe. That being said. there is one twenty-four hours that was certainly traveling to be remembered everlastingly because devouring several alcoholic drinks before a school field trip is an unforgettable minute of stupidity. To get down. it was my last month of school and our natural philosophies category was eventually weaving down. We merely had a few yearss of reappraisal standing between my equals. myself. and the awful province trial. We had worked hard all twelvemonth. and rather a few of us were convinced that we were traveling to neglect this trial anyhow so there was no point in seting Forth any more attempt. Then. to our surprise our instructor told us that we would hold the chance to travel to laser ticket if we all scored over a 75 % on our concluding test. We will write a custom essay sample on Girls Just Wanna Have Fun Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Our instructor claimed that optical maser ticket was traveling to be a great educational excursion. and justified it by discoursing the refraction of visible radiation. and how the optical maser of the gun passes through two different mediums. However. the lone thing we got from this conversation was that we were traveling on a field trip. and playing optical maser ticket. It was the twenty-four hours before the trip and we were all truly excited that we could acquire out and hold some merriment because as everyone knows the terminal of the school twelvemonth can’t come fast plenty. There were about 17 of us who had gotten permission. and we were all planning on traveling. Then. unluckily for us one of my schoolmates had the superb thought to imbibe vodka before we go into school the following twenty-four hours. He said he had a friend that could buy the intoxicant. and if we all pitched in five dollars we could acquire a large plenty bottle to acquire us all rummy. We all agreed and gave him the money. The large twenty-four hours had arrived and we were ready to travel. There was vodka in our H2O bottles. and concealed bottles of spirits in our bags. We planned on doing the best of this trip. Our coach left at 9 A. M. so we were forced to get down imbibing in the parking batch. Fortunately for us. the staff parking batch was on the opposite sid e of the edifice. far from where we could be detected. Although. the laughter and the smile that was traveling on within the schoolroom before our going was a dead giveaway that we were up to something. but we were confident that our instructor and the chaperones were clueless. We got on the coach and the odor of intoxicant was unmistakable. We were forced to open up the Windowss. but this wasn’t uncommon in the summer on those coachs that had no air conditioning. We were approximately 25 proceedingss to our finish. and in that clip we consumed every bit much as possible. determined to do this a great send away. Finally. it was clip for the large event. clip for us to take something from optical maser ticket and use it to physics. Some of us were so buzzed that we were already faltering coming off of the coach. but still express joying. and holding a good clip. When we got inside we had to take a alone name for our mark sheets. This is where a generational spread between our instructors and us allowed for some humourous names that they did non understand. Unfortunately for me I can’t retrieve the name we had picked due to my poisoning. Before we could go on to the game our instructor had worksheets for us to finish. As if this was supposed to do us retrieve we were at that place for educational intents. I assure you. the lone thing we would retrieve was how this was traveling to stop. and some of us would hold problem retrieving it at all. Next. it was clip to play. It is difficult to state precisely what happened in those short 30 proceedingss of optical maser ticket. but I’m reasonably certain we broke every regulation they had told us before we went in. For illustration. no running. no keeping people down and hiting them. no vomit in the corner because you’re running about intoxicated. the typical regulations. By the terminal of the first game we were done. Our effort to maintain our poisoning hidden from our chaperones was over. and we were certain that we would be in problem now. We had no thought how serious of problem we were really in. Our instructor told us we were to travel outside. and that we would wholly be taking a breathalyser. regards of the province cavalrymans. Unfortunately those of us who had gotten ill to our tummy in the sphere were forced to take it foremost. One by one we blew. 04. 07. 12. and one by one we were told how serious this was. Last came the penalty. and the embarrassment had come right along with it. I had two hebdomads left of school. and due to this trip I was suspended for one of them. Geting in problem was a regular thing for my friends at school. but me. I had neer even had detainment. but that wasn’t the awkward portion. Traveling place to my parents stating them that I was suspended for being intoxicated at school was because it was non expected from me. Although this was a â€Å"very serious matter† and we were scolded by the school. and our parents. we were still able to walk across the phase where we were merrily cheered on by our schoolmates. In the terminal it turned out to be a truly great narrative and a memory that I will maintain with me everlastingly. Looking back I would non hold changed my determination to take portion in the imbibing. even though it tarnished my pristine record at school. and made my household a small disquieted. Sometimes we have to do errors. and do thin gs that we on a regular basis wouldn’t do because if we ever live life following the regulations you may neer hold any merriment.

5 ways to help your teens career path

5 ways to help your teens career path These days, it’s more challenging than ever for teens to choose the right career path. On top of having a lack of real-world life experience and the self-awareness to help guide them towards making choices that are right for them, the world of work is changing so rapidly these days- the result of accelerating technological innovation, a fluctuating economy, and shifting staffing demands of companies across industries. What’s the end result? Many young adults who are struggling to find their purpose after high school. The challenges teens face when searching for their ideal careers starts in college, before they even enter the world of work. According to a recent Borderzine article, â€Å"About 80 percent of students in the United States end up changing their major at least once, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. On average, college students change their major at least three times over the course of their college career.† This general leve l of indecisiveness can have serious implications on young adults and their ability to make clear and rational life decisions, on top of adding stress and pressure to an already challenging time in life.If you’re a parent or guardian of a teen who’s trying to figure out what career path to pursue, consider taking advantage of the following 5 strategies for helping them out.1. Help them make choices based on who they are.This one’s important- although you may have big dreams and plans for your teen, your child is not merely an extension of you, and projecting your hopes and wishes for their future on them is not a guaranteed path to career fulfillment. If you want your teen to pursue a career path that has a good chance of making them happy, help them make choices based on who they are and what makes them a unique individual.2. Empower them to explore their strengths and passions.Choosing the right career doesn’t have to be a shot in the dark- in fact, it shouldn’t be! If your teen is having trouble making a decision, a great first step is to help them make a list of their strengths, interests, and passions. Once they have a list, it’s much easier to come up with a manageable set of possible career options that might be right for them.3. Help them find a suitable mentor.If your teen has an interest in a particular field, a great way to learn more- and discover if it truly is the right path for them- is to help them connect with a prospective mentor in the field who can help them learn the day-to-day realities of life on the job, as well as short-term and long-term career options and outlooks. Intern and volunteer opportunities are excellent ways to get valuable exposure and experience. Don’t forget, industry veterans- no matter how successful- were all once teens with little or no experience, and many will be more than happy to â€Å"pay it forward† and help the next generation of employees get their start .4. Support their choices.Sure, this seems obvious, but what happens if your teen chooses a career path that you don’t agree with? This happens all the time, and the parents who support and encourage their teens to follow their dreams- whether it’s a choice you wholeheartedly support or think is a bad idea- are much more likely to have teens who are happy and successful, no matter what path they decide to pursue. Be patient, be supportive, and be encouraging to your teen as they grapple with this tough life decision, and you’re much more likely to see a positive result.5. Set a good example.The truth is, parents who are happy and fulfilled with their professional choices in life and who stick to and display positive work habits and behaviors are much more likely to have children who make smart choices regarding their career paths- and they’re also much more likely to exhibit similar positive work habits, which will help them achieve success in their chose n fields.The truth is, teens who have a healthy and productive level of guidance and support from their parents or guardians have a much better chance at making better career choices than their go-it-alone counterparts. Use the strategies presented here to help your teen successfully navigate the career path maze.

Financing Delivery of Healthcare Services Article

Financing Delivery of Healthcare Services - Article Example The current public and private sources of funds for health care financing There are three major sources of healthcare financing for healthcare delivery services in Mexico. While some methods of financing covers the bulk of the financing burden, there are others which caters for only a small percentage of the country’s population, owing to the inaccessibility and unaffordable nature of such methods. The three methods of financing healthcare in Mexico include: General government Government plays a vital role in the financing of healthcare services in Mexico. The contribution of the general government to healthcare financing in this country ranges from 44 to 48% of the annual healthcare budget. In the years 2005, governments contribution to healthcare financing in Mexico was rated at 45.5% of the total healthcare spending, while the same was rated at 48% in the year 2009 (OECD, 2011). The government offers financing through the Ministry of Health, which is responsible for ensurin g that the public health institutions are financed and supplied accordingly, to ensure continuous provision of health services, especially to the rural poor and the people in the informal sector. Private Social Security Insurance The country has established a system of formal social security institutions that offer health insurance for the formally employed, which is financed through a tripartite contribution by the employer, the employee and the government (Cassels, 2005). This way, the social security insurance ensures that the formally employed as well as their families are offered health services, catered for by the tripartite contribution. For the year 2009, private social security insurance catered for 48% of the healthcare financing in Mexico (OECD, 2011). Out-of-pocket The country has a category of people who are not wholesomely covered by either the government or the private insurance financing services, and thus has to depend on their pockets to pay for the healthcare serv ices (Garman, Johnson & Royer, 2011). These are especially the category of people who have enlisted the services of private physicians. The current methods of acquiring money for health care services, research, and training There are various methods that are applied in the acquisition of money for healthcare services, research and training in Mexico. Some of these methods include household contributions through community. Angel financing is one of the methods of obtaining money especially for healthcare services provision, where the angel financiers offer their financing of healthcare in the form of medical loans (Frenk, 2006). Such loans are offered to individuals who are salaried, yet are not able to obtain other forms of financing for their healthcare needs, considering that it is a financing method that does not require any collateral provision to qualify for the loans, while also helping the beneficiaries to avoid their credit cards being burdened with loan charges and loan int erests (Johnson& Stoskopf, 2010). Government-to-Non-governmental Organization collaboration is yet another method that is applied in Mexico to acquire money for healthcare services, research and training. The Mexican government partners with the existing Non-governmental organizations that operate in the country, to provide the necessary funding for

Mulatto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mulatto - Essay Example Robert, however, insists on being a white man, especially after school has taught him that he is equal to any other white human being. As a mulatto, Robert experiences the strangeness of nothingness, which leads to his anxiety and harbored hate towards whites and blacks alike, and ultimately, to his tragedy, he eventually stops thinking and acting like a rational human being. A person normally has knowledge of his/her own family, but Robert does not get any acknowledgment from his own father that the former is his own son, and so Robert feels like a worthless illegitimate son. At the age of 7 years old, he calls the Colonel papa in front of his fathers white friends. As a result, Colonel thrashed and hurt him badly. Bert was the "favorite" (Hughes, par. 91) before this incident, but he was not the one anymore. It is possible that notwithstanding the darkness of Colonels heart, he loved Bert because he looked more like him and was very smart too. Colonel Norwood has not actively "blacken" his son by removing any idea of whiteness out of the child just as he does not fully break any residual filial bonds by sending his son to school. Despite these childhood memories, Bert thinks that he is a "real white man" because of his birth right (Hughes, par. 94). Lamb talks about paternal rejection and how mulattoes seek to shun the silence on their paternity by dec laring that they are the sons of white men. This assertion emasculates the white fathers, which Bert also does in the play. Later on, after coming back from school, Bert asserts that he is Norwood and half-white by trying to shake hands with his father, a greeting between equal free men. Unfortunately, his father rejects him, but he still does not hurt him enough to break his son and teach him his right place in society. This play shows that even if a mulatto has a white father, the latter can easily not acknowledge him

The Brutal Realities of War Expressed in Poetry Essay Example for Free

The Brutal Realities of War Expressed in Poetry Essay The poet’s confronts a very poetic perception of life and death by which he incorporated a very distinct mood in his poetry. He particularly engrosses himself to make a point of comparison between the life of those free animals and the soldiers. The speaker is English soldier, perhaps Isaac Rosenberg himself. The poetry has a touch of humor from the speaker’s observation towards the rat and the poppy in the first half of the poem. A rat in the trenches has caught the poet’s eye. He was amused with the fact that this animal is equally at home and comfortable to leap in both German and British trenches. ‘Now you have touched this English hand/ You will do the same to a German’ (Line 9-10) that says that the rat can freely pass between the English and German lines and is more likely to survive than those strong soldiers. In war, the soldiers’ life is of little value compared to the insects and animals roaming around. The speaker assumed that the rat as it passes both the German and English trenches wonders of what is happening to human beings specially of those soldiers who have ‘Strong eyes, fine limbs†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ and those ‘haughty athletes,’ (Line 14). The Rear-Guard by Siegfried Sassoon The Rear Guard gives a realistic approach of the experience of being in war through a soldier’s perspective. The poem is a piece of description that concentrates towards the horror of war. It aims to give information regarding the realities of war from a soldier who descends from Hell. The poet in this masterpiece uses figurative language to convey war’s horror, complexities and confusion. In the fourth and fifth line ‘Tins, boxes, bottles, shapes to vague to know/ A mirror smashed, the mattress from a bed’, the writer provides many figurative objects to illustrate the busy and confused nature of war. The following lines illustrate the painful agony of the soldiers. The ‘Unloading hell behind him step by step’, mentioned in the last line says that on earth through war there is also hell, that even after war the ending point is still hell in eternity. Strange Meeting by Wilfred Owen The narrator of this poem is a soldier found himself in hell. Throughout the poetry, he is conversing with another soldier who distinguished himself as the narrator’s enemy, ‘I am the enemy you killed, my friend. / I knew you in this dark: for you frowned/ Yesterday through me as you jabbed and killed’ (Line 36-39). The narrator refers to the other soldier as a ‘Strange friend†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Line 14) which means both were from opposing parties and therefore were strangers to each other. But in hell, they were able to call themselves friends by which they can freely reveal their emotions and thoughts without fear. What common theme is present in all three of these poems and what common message do the poems convey? War is often associated with the physical imagery of violence and political conflict. History itself says that the intentions of war trail into the purpose of acquiring a greater power in terms of position, territory, resources, rights and rewards. Conflict of interest in any form if it will not be settled diplomatically may result to violence and hostility. There is always a participation of military and soldiers to show and define who the stronger party is. Soldiers as land forces play an important role in providing honor and success in one political party. Soldiers with their capability, bravery, sense of commitment and the things they carry defines a group’s strength. Since there is always an involvement of armed conflict between military forces, non participant of warfare which means those who are not engage in the actual combat simply perceive war as brutal and fierce, a battle of life and death that ends either in victory or lost. When the war ends, they perceive that everything is over. However for those who experience it, there is a greater battle that not everybody understands. To truly define war, it is significant to acquire the perspective of those who are mostly affected and those who are mostly involve. The three poems apparently illustrate the brutal realities of war especially for those participants. The writers of the poems were literally participants of war or combat. They show war ugly truths which are often in contrast to the ideas of glory, courage and heroism associated with war. War is ambiguous and illogical because it forces human beings into extreme situations that give no choice in the process. Both the narrator of the â€Å"Strange Meeting† and â€Å"The Rear-Guard† poetry found themselves in Hell which suggests that war not only destroys physical life and property nor ruin the psychological aspects of those participants, but war steals one’s opportunity to possibly experience eternal life in heaven. The fact that both narrators indulge Hell in their poetry demonstrates their belief in religion. In war, there is always a distorted line about religious concept of humanity and duty. The concept of right and wrong, guilt and emotions does not matter in the middle of combat because what matters most is personal survival. The brutalities of war are not so much about the glory and victory of the political party the soldiers’ represent but it is more on personal survival. How does the text of each manifest that message and what significance does this message hold about war in general? The three poetry used powerful language and figures of speech to make a point of comparison. For example, the used of Hell as the main setting of the poem ‘Strange Meeting’ and ‘The Rear-Guard’ suggest that war is man’s product of wickedness. ‘Break of Day in the Trenches’ on the other hand used animals as a powerful imagery to illustrate that man’s life in the middle of combat is of little value compared to any other living animals or insects that enjoy freedom. War in this poetry suggests that those participants in combat have no choice but to fight for their survival. They are prison literally. The poets also used powerful language to evoke the reader’s emotions. The used of ambiguity, irony, wits and symbolism leave the poems the possibility of multiple interpretation. The emotions however are almost common which makes the poems more realistic. In these poems, it can be realized that to really know the real concept of war, one must relate and accumulate the truths from experience of those soldiers. They are the one who can completely and truly define the irrationality and irony of war. Reference: Rosenberg, Isaac (1916). Break of Day in the Trenches. Harrison and Stuart Clark (Ed. ) Peace and War (p. 102). Berlin. (Reprinted from New York, 1989, Oxford University Press) Sasoon, Siegfried (1918). The Rear Guard. Parini (Ed. ). The Wadsworth Anthology of Poetry (p. 1126). Canada. (Reprinted from Canada, 2005, Thomson Wadsworth). Owen, Wilfred (1920). Strange Meeting. Parini (Ed. ). The Wadsworth Anthology of Poetry (p. 776). Canada. (Reprinted from Canada, 2005, Thomson Wadsworth).

The Trail of Tears :: essays research papers

The Trail Of Tears Gloria Jahoda, the author of The Trail of Tears talks about how Indian populations dropped and how white people are the ones responsible for the drop of their population. The white men are not responsible for the drop of the Indian population. Johoda makes all Indians sound like defenseless children. Johoda is making excuses for Indians because Indians let the white man take over their lives and life style. Indians would do everything that was asked of them by the white man instead of standing up for themselves. The Choctaws were granted citizenship in the exception of them not living their everyday life style. Under citizenship, the tribal government of the Choctaws was abolished. Choctaws was given heavy fines and even jail time if the Choctaws dishonored the demands of the white man for their citizenship. Chief Moshulatubbee was shocked so he decided to run for congress. Mississippians took Moshulatubbee wanting to run for congress as a joke. Moshulatubbee lost. The lost started a civil war among the Choctaws. No matter what the Choctaws did they did not get their way. When leaving Mississippi some of the Choctaws died of diseases and of hunger. So the Choctaws gave in and again let the white man take control of them. One of the presidents of the United States, Andrew Jackson went to war with Indians hopping to get rid of the Indians. Black Hawk was a 62-year-old Indian who hated Americans. Black Hawk says that American promises are empty. When ever Americans told Black Hawk that they would do something for the Indians the Americans would never do what they promised. Black Hawk decided to take the side of the British. When ever the British said they would do something for the Indians the British would always do what they promised. Black Hawk always carried a British medal around his neck he respected the British a great deal. Andrew Jackson the president of the United States at the time came face to face with Black Hawk. The president asked Black Hawk, â€Å"why did you go to war,† Black Hawk did not answer. It was said that maybe the sac chief did not understand the question, but I say it’s just another excuse for Indians being naà ¯ve and letting the Americans do what they would l ike with the Indians. This book educates the audience on how there were brave Indians.

Heat Exchanger

Heat exchanger An interchangeable plate heat exchanger Tubular heat exchanger. A heat exchanger is a piece of equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another. The media may be separated by a solid wall, so that they never mix, or they may be in direct contact. [1] They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural gas processing, and sewage treatment.The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air. Contents| Flow arrangement Countercurrent (A) and parallel (B) flows * Fig. 1: Shell and tube heat exchanger, single pass (1–1 parallel flow) * Fig. 2: Shell and tube heat exchanger, 2-pass tube side (1–2 crossflow) * Fig. : Shell and tube heat exchanger, 2- pass shell side, 2-pass tube side (2-2 countercurrent) There are three primary classifications of heat exchangers according to their flow arrangement. In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluids enter the exchanger at the same end, and travel in parallel to one another to the other side. In counter-flow heat exchangers the fluids enter the exchanger from opposite ends. The counter current design is the most efficient, in that it can transfer the most heat from the heat (transfer) medium due to the fact that the average temperature difference along any unit length is greater.See countercurrent exchange. In a cross-flow heat exchanger, the fluids travel roughly perpendicular to one another through the exchanger. For efficiency, heat exchangers are designed to maximize the surface area of the wall between the two fluids, while minimizing resistance to fluid flow through the exchanger. The exchanger's performance can also be affected by the addition of fins or corrugations in one o r both directions, which increase surface area and may channel fluid flow or induce turbulence. The driving temperature across the heat transfer surface varies with position, but an appropriate mean temperature can be defined.In most simple systems this is the â€Å"log mean temperature difference† (LMTD). Sometimes direct knowledge of the LMTD is not available and the NTU method is used. Types of heat exchangers Shell and tube heat exchanger A Shell and Tube heat exchanger Main article: Shell and tube heat exchanger Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. One set of these tubes contains the fluid that must be either heated or cooled. The second fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required.A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes: plain, longitudinally finned, etc. Shell and tube heat exchangers are typically used for high-pressure applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260  Ã‚ °C). [2] This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape. Several thermal design features must be considered when designing the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers: * Tube diameter: Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact.However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tube diameters can be used. Thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, cost and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered. * Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure: * There is enough room for corrosion * That flow-induced vibration has resistance * Axial strength * Availability of spare parts Hoop strength (to withstand internal tub e pressure) * Buckling strength (to withstand overpressure in the shell) * Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as physically possible whilst not exceeding production capabilities. However, there are many limitations for this, including space available at the installation site and the need to ensure tubes are available in lengths that are twice the required length (so they can be withdrawn and replaced).Also, long, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace. * Tube pitch: when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i. e. , the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1. 25 times the tubes' outside diameter. A larger tube pitch leads to a larger overall shell diameter, which leads to a more expensive heat exchanger. * Tube corrugation: this type of tubes, mainly used for the inner tubes, in creases the turbulence of the fluids and the effect is very important in the heat transfer giving a better performance. Tube Layout: refers to how tubes are positioned within the shell. There are four main types of tube layout, which are, triangular (30 °), rotated triangular (60 °), square (90 °) and rotated square (45 °). The triangular patterns are employed to give greater heat transfer as they force the fluid to flow in a more turbulent fashion around the piping. Square patterns are employed where high fouling is experienced and cleaning is more regular. * Baffle Design: baffles are used in shell and tube heat exchangers to direct fluid across the tube bundle.They run perpendicularly to the shell and hold the bundle, preventing the tubes from sagging over a long length. They can also prevent the tubes from vibrating. The most common type of baffle is the segmental baffle. The semicircular segmental baffles are oriented at 180 degrees to the adjacent baffles forcing the f luid to flow upward and downwards between the tube bundle. Baffle spacing is of large thermodynamic concern when designing shell and tube heat exchangers. Baffles must be spaced with consideration for the conversion of pressure drop and heat transfer.For thermo economic optimization it is suggested that the baffles be spaced no closer than 20% of the shell’s inner diameter. Having baffles spaced too closely causes a greater pressure drop because of flow redirection. Consequently having the baffles spaced too far apart means that there may be cooler spots in the corners between baffles. It is also important to ensure the baffles are spaced close enough that the tubes do not sag. The other main type of baffle is the disc and donut baffle, which consists of two concentric baffles. An outer, wider baffle looks like a donut, whilst the inner baffle is shaped like a disk.This type of baffle forces the fluid to pass around each side of the disk then through the donut baffle generati ng a different type of fluid flow. Fixed tube liquid-cooled heat exchangers especially suitable for marine and harsh applications can be assembled with brass shells, copper tubes, brass baffles, and forged brass integral end hubs. [3] (See: Copper in heat exchangers). Conceptual diagram of a plate and frame heat exchanger. A single plate heat exchanger An interchangeable plate heat exchanger applied to the system of a swimming pool Plate heat exchanger Main article: Plate heat exchangerAnother type of heat exchanger is the plate heat exchanger. One is composed of multiple, thin, slightly separated plates that have very large surface areas and fluid flow passages for heat transfer. This stacked-plate arrangement can be more effective, in a given space, than the shell and tube heat exchanger. Advances in gasket and brazing technology have made the plate-type heat exchanger increasingly practical. In HVAC applications, large heat exchangers of this type are called plate-and-frame; when used in open loops, these heat exchangers are normally of the gasket type to allow periodic disassembly, cleaning, and inspection.There are many types of permanently bonded plate heat exchangers, such as dip-brazed, vacuum-brazed, and welded plate varieties, and they are often specified for closed-loop applications such as refrigeration. Plate heat exchangers also differ in the types of plates that are used, and in the configurations of those plates. Some plates may be stamped with â€Å"chevron†, dimpled, or other patterns, where others may have machined fins and/or grooves. Plate and shell heat exchanger A third type of heat exchanger is a plate and shell heat exchanger, which combines plate heat exchanger with shell and tube heat exchanger technologies.The heart of the heat exchanger contains a fully welded circular plate pack made by pressing and cutting round plates and welding them together. Nozzles carry flow in and out of the platepack (the ‘Plate side' flowpat h). The fully welded platepack is assembled into an outer shell that creates a second flowpath ( the ‘Shell side'). Plate and shell technology offers high heat transfer, high pressure, high operating temperature, compact size, low fouling and close approach temperature. In particular, it does completely without gaskets, which provides security against leakage at high pressures and temperatures.Adiabatic wheel heat exchanger A fourth type of heat exchanger uses an intermediate fluid or solid store to hold heat, which is then moved to the other side of the heat exchanger to be released. Two examples of this are adiabatic wheels, which consist of a large wheel with fine threads rotating through the hot and cold fluids, and fluid heat exchangers. Plate fin heat exchanger Main article: Plate fin heat exchanger This type of heat exchanger uses â€Å"sandwiched† passages containing fins to increase the effectiveness of the unit.The designs include crossflow and counterflow cou pled with various fin configurations such as straight fins, offset fins and wavy fins. Plate and fin heat exchangers are usually made of aluminium alloys, which provide high heat transfer efficiency. The material enables the system to operate at a lower temperature and reduce the weight of the equipment. Plate and fin heat exchangers are mostly used for low temperature services such as natural gas, helium and oxygen liquefaction plants, air separation plants and transport industries such as motor and aircraft engines. Advantages of plate and fin heat exchangers: High heat transfer efficiency especially in gas treatment * Larger heat transfer area * Approximately 5 times lighter in weight than that of shell and tube heat exchanger. * Able to withstand high pressure Disadvantages of plate and fin heat exchangers: * Might cause clogging as the pathways are very narrow * Difficult to clean the pathways * Aluminum alloys are susceptible to Mercury Liquid Embrittlement Failure Pillow plat e heat exchanger A pillow plate exchanger is commonly used in the dairy industry for cooling milk in large direct-expansion stainless steel bulk tanks.The pillow plate allows for cooling across nearly the entire surface area of the tank, without gaps that would occur between pipes welded to the exterior of the tank. The pillow plate is constructed using a thin sheet of metal spot-welded to the surface of another thicker sheet of metal. The thin plate is welded in a regular pattern of dots or with a serpentine pattern of weld lines. After welding the enclosed space is pressurized with sufficient force to cause the thin metal to bulge out around the welds, providing a space for heat exchanger liquids to flow, and creating a characteristic appearance of a swelled pillow formed out of metal.Fluid heat exchangers This is a heat exchanger with a gas passing upwards through a shower of fluid (often water), and the fluid is then taken elsewhere before being cooled. This is commonly used for cooling gases whilst also removing certain impurities, thus solving two problems at once. It is widely used in espresso machines as an energy-saving method of cooling super-heated water to use in the extraction of espresso. Waste heat recovery units A Waste Heat Recovery Unit (WHRU) is a heat exchanger that recovers heat from a hot gas stream while transferring it to a working medium, typically water or oils.The hot gas stream can be the exhaust gas from a gas turbine or a diesel engine or a waste gas from industry or refinery. They can also be integrated into a heatcatcher system that allows an ORC[further explanation needed] generator to produce waste heat to power. Dynamic scraped surface heat exchanger Another type of heat exchanger is called â€Å"(dynamic) scraped surface heat exchanger†. This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes, evaporation and high-fouling applications.Long running times are achieved due to th e continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process. Phase-change heat exchangers Typical kettle reboiler used for industrial distillation towers Typical water-cooled surface condenser In addition to heating up or cooling down fluids in just a single phase, heat exchangers can be used either to heat a liquid to evaporate (or boil) it or used as condensers to cool a vapor and condense it to a liquid. In chemical plants and refineries, reboilers used to heat incoming feed for distillation towers are often heat exchangers. 4][5] Distillation set-ups typically use condensers to condense distillate vapors back into liquid. Power plants that use steam-driven turbines commonly use heat exchangers to boil water into steam. Heat exchangers or similar units for producing steam from water are often called boilers or steam generators. In the nuclear power plants called pressurized water reactors, special large heat exchan gers pass heat from the primary (reactor plant) system to the secondary (steam plant) system, producing steam from water in the process. These are called steam generators.All fossil-fueled and nuclear power plants using steam-driven turbines have surface condensers to convert the exhaust steam from the turbines into condensate (water) for re-use. [6][7] To conserve energy and cooling capacity in chemical and other plants, regenerative heat exchangers can transfer heat from a stream that must be cooled to another stream that must be heated, such as distillate cooling and reboiler feed pre-heating. This term can also refer to heat exchangers that contain a material within their structure that has a change of phase.This is usually a solid to liquid phase due to the small volume difference between these states. This change of phase effectively acts as a buffer because it occurs at a constant temperature but still allows for the heat exchanger to accept additional heat. One example where this has been investigated is for use in high power aircraft electronics. Direct contact heat exchangers Direct contact heat exchangers involve heat transfer between hot and cold streams of two phases in the absence of a separating wall. [8] Thus such heat exchangers can be classified as: * Gas – liquid * Immiscible liquid – liquid Solid-liquid or solid – gas Most direct contact heat exchangers fall under the Gas- Liquid category, where heat is transferred between a gas and liquid in the form of drops, films or sprays. [2] Such types of heat exchangers are used predominantly in air conditioning, humidification, industrial hot water heating, water cooling and condensing plants. [9] Phases[10]| Continuous phase| Driving force| Change of phase| Examples| Gas – Liquid| Gas| Gravity| No| Spray columns, packed columns| | | | Yes| Cooling towers, falling droplet evaporators| | | Forced| No| Spray coolers/quenchers| | Liquid flow| Yes| Spray condensers/evaporati on, jet condensers| | Liquid| Gravity| No| Bubble columns, perforated tray columns| | | | Yes| Bubble column condensers| | | Forced| No| Gas spargers| | | Gas flow| Yes| Direct contact evaporators, submerged combustion| HVAC air coils One of the widest uses of heat exchangers is for air conditioning of buildings and vehicles. This class of heat exchangers is commonly called air coils, or just coils due to their often-serpentine internal tubing. Liquid-to-air, or air-to-liquid HVAC coils are typically of modified crossflow arrangement. In vehicles, heat coils are often called heater cores.On the liquid side of these heat exchangers, the common fluids are water, a water-glycol solution, steam, or a refrigerant. For heating coils, hot water and steam are the most common, and this heated fluid is supplied by boilers, for example. For cooling coils, chilled water and refrigerant are most common. Chilled water is supplied from a chiller that is potentially located very far away, but refri gerant must come from a nearby condensing unit. When a refrigerant is used, the cooling coil is the evaporator in the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. HVAC coils that use this direct-expansion of refrigerants are commonly called DX coils.Some DX coils are â€Å"microchannel† type. [11] On the air side of HVAC coils a significant difference exists between those used for heating, and those for cooling. Due to psychrometrics, air that is cooled often has moisture condensing out of it, except with extremely dry air flows. Heating some air increases that airflow's capacity to hold water. So heating coils need not consider moisture condensation on their air-side, but cooling coils must be adequately designed and selected to handle their particular latent (moisture) as well as the sensible (cooling) loads.The water that is removed is called condensate. For many climates, water or steam HVAC coils can be exposed to freezing conditions. Because water expands upon freezing, these somewhat expensive and difficult to replace thin-walled heat exchangers can easily be damaged or destroyed by just one freeze. As such, freeze protection of coils is a major concern of HVAC designers, installers, and operators. The introduction of indentations placed within the heat exchange fins controlled condensation, allowing water molecules to remain in the cooled air.This invention allowed for refrigeration without icing of the cooling mechanism. [12] The heat exchangers in direct-combustion furnaces, typical in many residences, are not ‘coils'. They are, instead, gas-to-air heat exchangers that are typically made of stamped steel sheet metal. The combustion products pass on one side of these heat exchangers, and air to heat on the other. A cracked heat exchanger is therefore a dangerous situation that requires immediate attention because combustion products may enter living space. Spiral heat exchangers Schematic drawing of a spiral heat exchanger.A spiral heat exchang er (SHE), may refer to a helical (coiled) tube configuration, more generally, the term refers to a pair of flat surfaces that are coiled to form the two channels in a counter-flow arrangement. Each of the two channels has one long curved path. A pair of fluid ports are connected tangentially to the outer arms of the spiral, and axial ports are common, but optional. [13] The main advantage of the SHE is its highly efficient use of space. This attribute is often leveraged and partially reallocated to gain other improvements in performance, according to well known tradeoffs in heat exchanger design. A notable tradeoff is capital cost vs operating cost. ) A compact SHE may be used to have a smaller footprint and thus lower all-around capital costs, or an over-sized SHE may be used to have less pressure drop, less pumping energy, higher thermal efficiency, and lower energy costs. Construction The distance between the sheets in the spiral channels are maintained by using spacer studs that were welded prior to rolling. Once the main spiral pack has been rolled, alternate top and bottom edges are welded and each end closed by a gasketed flat or conical cover bolted to the body.This ensures no mixing of the two fluids occurs. Any leakage is from the periphery cover to the atmosphere, or to a passage that contains the same fluid. [14] Self cleaning SHEs are often used in the heating of fluids that contain solids and thus tend to foul the inside of the heat exchanger. The low pressure drop lets the SHE handle fouling more easily. The SHE uses a â€Å"self cleaning† mechanism, whereby fouled surfaces cause a localized increase in fluid velocity, thus increasing the drag (or fluid friction) on the fouled surface, thus helping to dislodge the blockage and keep the heat exchanger clean. The internal walls that make up the heat transfer surface are often rather thick, which makes the SHE very robust, and able to last a long time in demanding environments. † They are also easily cleaned, opening out like an oven where any build up of foulant can be removed by pressure washing. Self-Cleaning Water filters are used to keep the system clean and running without the need to shut down or replace cartridges and bags. Flow arrangements Concurrent and countercurrent flow. There are three main types of flows in a spiral heat exchanger: 1. Counter-current Flow: Fluids flow in opposite directions.These are used for liquid-liquid, condensing and gas cooling applications. Units are usually mounted vertically when condensing vapour and mounted horizontally when handling high concentrations of solids. 2. Spiral Flow/Cross Flow: One fluid is in spiral flow and the other in a cross flow. Spiral flow passages are welded at each side for this type of spiral heat exchanger. This type of flow is suitable for handling low density gas, which passes through the cross flow, avoiding pressure loss. It can be used for liquid-liquid applications if one liquid has a cons iderably greater flow rate than the other. . Distributed Vapour/Spiral flow: This design is that of a condenser, and is usually mounted vertically. It is designed to cater for the sub-cooling of both condensate and non-condensables. The coolant moves in a spiral and leaves via the top. Hot gases that enter leave as condensate via the bottom outlet. Applications The SHE is good for applications such as pasteurization, digester heating, heat recovery, pre-heating (see: recuperator), and effluent cooling. For sludge treatment, SHEs are generally smaller than other types of heat exchangers. [citation needed] SelectionDue to the many variables involved, selecting optimal heat exchangers is challenging. Hand calculations are possible, but many iterations are typically needed. As such, heat exchangers are most often selected via computer programs, either by system designers, who are typically engineers, or by equipment vendors. To select an appropriate heat exchanger, the system designers (or equipment vendors) would firstly consider the design limitations for each heat exchanger type. Though cost is often the primary criterion, several other selection criteria are important: * High/low pressure limits * Thermal performance Temperature ranges * Product mix (liquid/liquid, particulates or high-solids liquid) * Pressure drops across the exchanger * Fluid flow capacity * Cleanability, maintenance and repair * Materials required for construction * Ability and ease of future expansion * Material selection, such as copper, aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel alloys, and titanium. Small-diameter coil technologies are becoming more popular in modern air conditioning and refrigeration systems because they have better rates of heat transfer than conventional sized condenser and evaporator coils with round copper tubes and aluminium or opper fin that have been the standard in the HVAC industry. Small diameter coils can withstand the higher pressures required by the new generation of environmentally friendlier refrigerants. Two small diameter coil technologies are currently available for air conditioning and refrigeration products: copper microgroove[15] and brazed aluminium microchannel. [16] Choosing the right heat exchanger (HX) requires some knowledge of the different heat exchanger types, as well as the environment where the unit must operate.Typically in the manufacturing industry, several differing types of heat exchangers are used for just the one process or system to derive the final product. For example, a kettle HX for pre-heating, a double pipe HX for the ‘carrier’ fluid and a plate and frame HX for final cooling. With sufficient knowledge of heat exchanger types and operating requirements, an appropriate selection can be made to optimise the process. [17] Monitoring and maintenance Online monitoring of commercial heat exchangers is done by tracking the overall heat transfer coefficient. The overall heat transfer coeffi cient tends to decline over time due to fouling.U=Q/A? Tlm By periodically calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient from exchanger flow rates and temperatures, the owner of the heat exchanger can estimate when cleaning the heat exchanger is economically attractive. Integrity inspection of plate and tubular heat exchanger can be tested in situ by the conductivity or helium gas methods. These methods confirm the integrity of the plates or tubes to prevent any cross contamination and the condition of the gaskets. Mechanical integrity monitoring of heat exchanger tubes may be conducted through Nondestructive methods such as eddy current testing.Fouling Main article: Fouling A heat exchanger in a steam power station contaminated with macrofouling. Fouling occurs when impurities deposit on the heat exchange surface. Deposition of these impurities can decrease heat transfer effectiveness significantly over time and are caused by: * Low wall shear stress * Low fluid velocities * Hi gh fluid velocities * Reaction product solid precipitation * Precipitation of dissolved impurities due to elevated wall temperatures The rate of heat exchanger fouling is determined by the rate of particle deposition less re-entrainment/suppression.This model was originally proposed in 1959 by Kern and Seaton. Crude Oil Exchanger Fouling. In commercial crude oil refining, crude oil is heated from 21  °C to 343  °C prior to entering the distillation column. A series of shell and tube heat exchangers typically exchange heat between crude oil and other oil streams to heat the crude to 260  °C prior to heating in a furnace. Fouling occurs on the crude side of these exchangers due to asphaltene insolubility. The nature of asphaltene solubility in crude oil was successfully modeled by Wiehe and Kennedy. 18] The precipitation of insoluble asphaltenes in crude preheat trains has been successfully modeled as a first order reaction by Ebert and Panchal[19] who expanded on the work of Ke rn and Seaton. Cooling Water Fouling. Cooling water systems are susceptible to fouling. Cooling water typically has a high total dissolved solids content and suspended colloidal solids. Localized precipitation of dissolved solids occurs at the heat exchange surface due to wall temperatures higher than bulk fluid temperature. Low fluid velocities (less than 3  ft/s) allow suspended solids to settle on the heat exchange surface.Cooling water is typically on the tube side of a shell and tube exchanger because it's easy to clean. To prevent fouling, designers typically ensure that cooling water velocity is greater than 0. 9 m/s and bulk fluid temperature is maintained less than 60  °C. Other approaches to control fouling control combine the â€Å"blind† application of biocides and anti-scale chemicals with periodic lab testing. Maintenance Plate heat exchangers must be disassembled and cleaned periodically. Tubular heat exchangers can be cleaned by such methods as acid cleani ng, sandblasting, high-pressure water jet, bullet cleaning, or drill rods.In large-scale cooling water systems for heat exchangers, water treatment such as purification, addition of chemicals, and testing, is used to minimize fouling of the heat exchange equipment. Other water treatment is also used in steam systems for power plants, etc. to minimize fouling and corrosion of the heat exchange and other equipment. A variety of companies have started using water borne oscillations technology to prevent biofouling. Without the use of chemicals, this type of technology has helped in providing a low-pressure drop in heat exchangers. In nature HumansThe human nasal passages serve as a heat exchanger, which warms air being inhaled and cools air being exhaled. You can demonstrate its effectiveness by putting your hand in front of your face and exhaling, first through your nose and then through your mouth. Air exhaled through your nose is substantially cooler. [20][21] In species that have e xternal testes (such as humans), the artery to the testis is surrounded by a mesh of veins called the pampiniform plexus. This cools the blood heading to the testis, while reheating the returning blood. Birds, fish, marine mammalsCountercurrent exchange conservation circuit Further information: Countercurrent exchange in biological systems â€Å"Countercurrent† heat exchangers occur naturally in the circulation system of fish, whales and other marine mammals. Arteries to the skin carrying warm blood are intertwined with veins from the skin carrying cold blood, causing the warm arterial blood to exchange heat with the cold venous blood. This reduces the overall heat loss in cold waters. Heat exchangers are also present in the tongue of baleen whales as large volumes of water flow through their mouths. 22][23] Wading birds use a similar system to limit heat losses from their body through their legs into the water. Carotid rete The carotid rete is a counter-current heat exchangi ng organ in some ungulates. The blood ascending the carotid arteries on its way to the brain, flows via a network of vessels where heat is discharged to the veins of cooler blood descending from the nasal passages. The carotid rete allows Thomson's gazelle to maintain its brain almost 3 °C cooler than the rest of the body, and therefore aids in tolerating bursts in metabolic heat roduction such as associated with outrunning cheetahs (during which the body temperature exceeds the maximum temperature at which the brain could function). [24] In industry Heat exchangers are widely used in industry both for cooling and heating large scale industrial processes. The type and size of heat exchanger used can be tailored to suit a process depending on the type of fluid, its phase, temperature, density, viscosity, pressures, chemical composition and various other thermodynamic properties.In many industrial processes there is waste of energy or a heat stream that is being exhausted, heat exch angers can be used to recover this heat and put it to use by heating a different stream in the process. This practice saves a lot of money in industry, as the heat supplied to other streams from the heat exchangers would otherwise come from an external source that is more expensive and more harmful to the environment. Heat exchangers are used in many industries, including: * Waste water treatment Refrigeration * Wine and beer making * Petroleum refining In waste water treatment, heat exchangers play a vital role in maintaining optimal temperatures within anaerobic digesters to promote the growth of microbes that remove pollutants. Common types of heat exchangers used in this application are the double pipe heat exchanger as well as the plate and frame heat exchanger. In aircraft In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine's oil system to heat cold fuel. 25] This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the possibility of water entrapped in the fu el freezing in components. [26] Early 2008, a Boeing 777 flying as British Airways Flight 38 crashed just short of the runway. In an early-2009 Boeing-update sent to aircraft operators, the problem was identified as specific to the Rolls-Royce engine oil-fuel flow heat exchangers. [26] Other heat exchangers, or Boeing 777 aircraft powered by GE or Pratt and Whitney engines, were not affected by the problem. [26]

Native Americans and Diabetes Essay - 2359 Words

Native Americans and Diabetes Since the arrival of Columbus in 1492, American Indians have been in a continuous struggle with diseases. It may not be small pox anymore, but illnesses are still haunting the native population. According to statistics, Native Americans have much higher rates of disease than the overall population. This includes a higher death rate from alcoholism, tuberculosis, and diabetes than any other racial or ethnic group. Recent studies by Indian health experts show that diabetes among Indian youth ages 15-19 has increased 54% since 1996 and 40% of Indian children are overweight. Even though diabetes rates vary considerably among the Native American population, deaths caused from diabetes are 230 percent greater†¦show more content†¦When the Native Americans were forced onto reservations they stopped hunting and preparing their own food. Instead the United States government gave them food that their bodies were not used to digesting. Indians were not used to eating flour, lard, cann ed meats and poultry that are swimming in fat, and canned fruits and vegetables packed in sugary syrup. Native Americans’ bodies could not handle the extra fat and sugar in their diet. This, coupled with a decrease in intense exercise, increased obesity and brought on the rise of diabetes. The sudden lack of exercise resulted in a significant weight increase in the Native American community. Indians were used to roaming the countryside. They had to follow the buffalo or move to warmer weather. Now, they were put into permanent homes and bought their food. This created an overweight, obese group of people. Studies estimated that the overall occurrence of obesity among Native Americans was 13.7 percent for men and 16.5 percent for women. These are higher than the United States’ rates of 9.1 percent and 8.2 percent, respectively. 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